Spaatz was a fighter pilot in his youth during WW1.
He remained in the Army Air Corps, and when WW2 began went to England.
As German bombs fell and everyone else ran for the shelters, Spaatz sat on rooftops to gain knowledge of German tactics.
When America entered the war, he became the commander of the Eighth Air Force as it began daylight bombing raids over Germany.
After the war, the Army Air Corps was separated from the US Army and became its own military branch, the US Air Force. Spaatz was it’s first Chief of Staff.
1863 – The Union and the Confederates first clash at The Battle of Gettysburg, and both send reinforcements. The first day went badly for the Union, but the largest battle in North America had three more days to go, and would become a major turning point in the Civil War.
1898 – The Battle of San Juan Hill becomes a major victory for the US in the Spanish-American War as the US Army’s Fifth Corps takes the heights over Santiago de Cuba. It also set the stage for Colonel Theodore Roosevelt to become President as he became famous for leading his Rough Riders up Kettle Hill (not San Juan).
1916 – The Battle of the Somme in France; after a week’s bombardment with over 250,000 shells, the British launch an attack into no-man’s land. The Germans had retained many machine guns despite the bombardment, and the British soldiers were slaughtered. With 20,000 dead and 40,000 wounded in one day, it was one of the worst defeats for the British military’s history.
1942 – The Battle of El Alamein; In North Africa Erwin Rommel’s army had routed the British and their allies, driving them back so quickly that they had to leave much of their equipment behind. But on today’s date the British Army, resupplied by Americans and reorganized, turned the tide back on Rommel at El Alamein.
The Hudson Motor Company and the Nash-Kelvinator Motor Company form the largest merger in American history (at that point) to form the American Motor Company (AMC).
Under the control of George Romney (Mitt’s father and future Michigan Governor) and others, AMC would fight it’s way to #3 after GM and Ford.
Many impressive automobiles would be produced by the company…and some not so much.
Francis Salvador becomes the first American of Jewish descent to hold public office in America, being named to the South Carolina Provincial Congress.
Salvador had immigrated from London and almost immediately took up his adopted nation’s cause for independence.
It was against the law for Jews to hold public office in the colonies, but his neighbors didn’t care and elected him anyway.
In the months to come the English used Indian and Loyalist allies to create havoc in the back country. On July 1st Salvador rode 28 miles to warn others of impending attacks.
One month later he was leading a militia group when it was ambushed.
He was shot during the attack and scalped by the Indians, making him also the first Jewish-American killed during the War for Independence.
Ever been given the sage advice to stay out of other people’s quarrels because the combatants tend to turn on you?
Thomas Paine, much respected author of “Common Sense” which inspired the rebels in the American Revolution, learned this lesson the hard way.
When the American Revolution was over, and the French Revolution was in progress, Paine moved to France for the express purpose of becoming involved in that conflict (bored? Wanted attention?).
He was received as a hero by the French revolutionaries, even being awarded honorary French citizenship.
Paine was devoutly, and vocally, anti-death penalty…which didn’t set well with the French Revolutionaries who were in the middle of sending their former enemies to the guillotine.
He was arrested and, thanks to his honorary citizenship, charged with treason.
He was treated well in captivity, and it was less than a year before diplomatic pressure from America saw his release.
Paine returned home after an American uproar over his imprisonment.
While in prison he wrote another book, “The Age of Reason” in which he denounced organized religion and said man had no influence from God.
The publication of this book took him from war hero to pariah.
In times past, this is how people signed their letters to each other. It seems very obsequious, huh? We would certainly find it ridiculous today.
In fact, being a history buff, awhile back I decided to use it as the closing on my emails. That did not last very long. Very few of the recipients got it, and the jokes about my being obedient were plentiful.
The signature was not in any way servile…In it’s time it was similar to “respectfully” or “sincerely.”
As with the correspondence between Union General Sherman, Confederate General Hood and local Southern politicians about Atlanta, the narrative could be quite heated, and still close the same way.
One might call the recipient a low-life SOB, threatening to gut them and hang their entrails from the nearest tree…and still close with “I have the honor to be your obedient servant.”
It is similar to the southern colloquial “Well, bless your heart…” If you are from the south, you know you are not being blessed…quite the opposite.
I had a co-worker who used this with me…unaware I knew what they were saying each time they said it. There were other things I knew that they did not…confidences I could not share. So I put it on context and let it slide.
Here is my point…”your obedient servant” has to be viewed in the context of the times in which it was used…and not judged by modern standards.
The people who lived in centuries past should be judged in context of the times they lived in also. Of course there are events and actions which are timeless…Benedict Arnold would be a traitor today also.
America has its sins, and thankfully we are changing. We cannot blame someone who was born a sod buster in 19th century Louisiana for not being able to fix the world’s evils around them.
Napolean Bonaparte’s French army of 500,000 men had invaded Russia and made their way to Moscow, pushing back a weaker Russian army.
However when they got to Moscow, they found it all but deserted, devoid of food and supplies they desperately needed, and partially afire.
After occupying it for a month, Bonaparte realized the expected surrender was not to be and had to retreat himself as his Grande Armee was starving.
On this date in 1812 the retreat began. The Russian army attacked the retreating French, who were also starving and freezing to death in the Russian winter. By the time they made it back to French soil, approximately 400,000 had perished.
Today in History, October 11, 1809:
We all know of the adventures of Lewis and Clark.
But on this day in 1809, Meriwether Lewis died. The big question is whether it was murder or suicide.
He was, at the time, the Governor of Upper Louisiana, and traveling the Natchez Trace to bring information to Washington, DC about his efforts as Governor and as an explorer.
He was staying at Grinder’s Stand, an inn along the Trace, when the owners and other travelers heard “several” gunshots ring out.
Depending on who you talked to, he suffered through the night, either by gunshots by his own hand or by murderers who stole the money he had with him.
Clark and President Jefferson, who knew him best, were easily convinced that he killed himself.
Others believed he was murdered by one of the many pirates along the trace. I have to wonder about the “several shots” at a time of flintlock pistols. How determined would a suicidal person have to be to shoot himself several times to complete a suicide then, or even now?
The cash he was carrying with him was never found. Those reporting the demise of one of our most significant explorers suddenly came into money.
President Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first president to intervene in a labor dispute.
Anthracite coal miners, organized by the United Mine Workers, were asking for fewer work hours and more pay. The mining companies refused and the miners went on a strike that had lasted for months at this point.
American industry and transportation relied almost exclusively on coal at this time in our nation’s development, as did very many homes for heat.
The dispute had already had a significant effect on the country, and winter was coming on. The potential for countless citizens freezing to death was quite real.
President Roosevelt felt he had to act to prevent a national catastrophe. He invited both parties to the White House to mediate an agreement on behalf of the American people.
The miners agreed to negotiate, the Coal companies were not so inclined.
Roosevelt, never shy to take the bull by the horns, promised to have the military take over the industry if a settlement was not reached.
By October 23rd the miners were back to work, with less hours and more pay. The coal companies did not, however, recognize the UMWA, and the story was far from over.
But a disaster had been avoided and Roosevelt’s re-election was assured.
The Federal Meat Inspection Act is passed by Congress.
After Upton Sinclair had published “The Jungle” about Chicago’s corrupt meat packing industry, President Theodore Roosevelt sent representatives to investigate the industry.
Inspite of the Chicago industry’s efforts to hinder the investigation, the investigators uncovered horrific practices.
TR respected his investigator’s findings, and Congress acted to protect the public. The USDA was born, and healthy meat processing practices were enforced.
It may seem a mundane issue, but people were dying from disease due to the bad meat they were sold. We are truly fortunate to live in our time.
Mark Loves History! 